Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in non-HIV infected patient in a region with a high burden of tuberculosis

Data on non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infection in non-HIV patients in Tanzania are scarce. However, NTM infections are emerging in Africa as in many parts of the world. Healthcare providers and physicians working in high tuberculosis incidence regions should also consider NTM as one of the differential diagnosis. A 35-year-old Tanzanian man presented with history of cough, fever, chest pain and night sweats for 4 weeks. The patient had a history of tuberculosis 4 years ago. On physical examination, there were no significant findings. Sputum smears were positive for acid fast bacilli, while Xpert MTB/RIF showed negative results. Culture and subsequent differentiation confirmed Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. With no specific national guidelines at our setting the patient received standard antituberculosis treatment and is kept under close follow-up